TEXTILE natural FIBRE

TEXTILE natural FIBRE ;
FLAX:   flax fibre comes from the stem of an annual plant  linum usitaisimum ,which grows in many temperate and  sub -tropical regions of the word.in the inner bark of this plant there are long,slendeer,thick-waled cells of which the fibre strands are composed .

 END USE OFF FLAX:  

flax fibre is used in absorbency products and textiles.  end uses like textiles, reinforcement for plastic composites, building insulation, nonwovens and other uses if the straw is retted.waste flax fibre is made into high-grade banknote,writing and cigarette papers .




jute :

GINNING

GINNING:The action to remove cotton fibres(lint) from the cotton seed is called ginning .



objects of ginning:

• to collect the seed and seedless cotton
• to remove the neps 
• to remove the fibre from the seed
• to collect the fibre from the root position and separate it .

  

  3.2 cotton ginning process 

  classification of ginning:
• saw ginning
• knife roller
• McCarthy                                                                                                                                                                                             lint & linters: The seed free cotton fibres which is got after  ginning is called lint.after ginning short fibres are reside with the surface of cotton seed which is called linters

MIXING & BLENDING

MIXING & BLENDING :

 MIXING:MIXING COULD BE THOUGHT OF COMBINING OF FIBRES TOGETHER IN SOME WHAT PROPORTIONS WHOSE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE ONLY PARTIALLY  KNOWN SO THAT THE RESULTANT MIXTURE HAS ONLY GENERALLY KNOWN PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES.THE TERM MIXING IT IS GENERALLY MEAN AS THE INTERMINGLING OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF FIBRES OF THE SAME GRADES WHICH ARE NEARLYN  IN STAPLE LENGTH

BLENDING:

Blending is the intermingling of different kind of fibres or different grades of same fibres which are nearly like in staple length e,g: viscose .polyester blend with cotton

IMPORTANT OF MIXING AND BLENDING :

• Give the required characteristics to the end product
• Achieve effect by varying colour
• less raw material cost
• compensate for variations in the characteristics of the  raw material

cotton yarn processing

• TYPES OF COTTON:

1. American upland cotton fibres:>>fairly white,strong and dull,staple length range (22-32)mm
2. American  Pi ma Cotton>>>fine,strong,lustrous,silky,creamy brown white in colour.length(35-38)mm
3. Egyptian cotton fibres>>>>light brown,fine strong,length(32-38)mm

American cotton grading:

1. middling fair
2. strict good middling
3. good middling
4. low middling
5. strict good ordinary
6. good ordinary

INDIAN COTTON GRADING:

1. Super choice
2. choice 
3. super fine '
4. fine
5. fully good
6. good
7. fully good fair

EGYPTIAN GRADING

1. EXtra fine
2. fine 
3. good
4. fully good fair
5. good fair 
6. fair

structure view of cotton  :

the cotton fibre is a single plant cell.it cross section oval,compared with the normal hexagonal plant cell.all plant cell cotton has the following:

• cuticle
• primary cell
• secondary cell
• lumen

  

  3.1 cotton structure view 

chemical composition of cotton

step 1.

The first step in the ginning operation is when the cotton is vacuumed into tubes that carry it to a dryer to reduce moisture and improve the fiber quality. Then it runs through cleaning equipment to remove leaf trash, sticks and other foreign matter. Ginning is accomplished by one of two methods.

flow chart of cotton spinning

• CARDED YARN: A yarn  produced from fibres that have been carded but not combed .carding is process ,which eliminates fibres too short for inclusion in the spun yarn. the process also removes  dirt and foreign matter still remaining in the fibre mass and  arranges the fibres into a very dense layer  
•                                                                                                                                                    combed yarn   :         in this process the fibres arc arranged ina highly parallel form and additional short fibres are removed ,producing high quality yarns with excellent strength;fineness,and uniformity.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
• process flow chart for 40"s  combed and card yarn :                                                             

  

  carded yarn manufacturing process 

                                                                                         

⇒⇒combed yarn⇒

                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                    cotton purifying stages:                                                                                                        

• Step One: Mechanical Purification and Cake Formation. The first step in our process is to open the dense tufts of fiber from the bales 
• Step Two: Scouring. Next, a solution containing sodium hydroxide is pumped into the kier
• Step Three: Purifying
• Step Four: Fiber Finishing
• Step Five: Opening and Drying
• Step Six: Carding.⇒⇒

subjected to a series o

    
















carding: This is necessary for all staple length fibres otherwise it would be impossible to produce fine yarns.the fibre must be straight and  removed impurities the work is done on a carding machine  

CARDING PROCESS:

3.2 CARDING PROCESS

DOUBLING:The process of combining two or more slivers ,rovings,or yarns into one .after carding,severals slivers are combined  

3.3 doubling

ROVING: 

YARN

Yarn 
yarn may be defined as a  product of substantial length and relatively small cross-section consisting of fibers or filaments with or without twist 





Classification of Yarn:
There are two types of yarn.    They are:

1.Spun Yarn.&
2.Filament Yarn.

• description

Spun Yarn: The type of yarn in which the fibers are twisted together. The spun yarn can be also classified into three types. They are:              a.) Single Yarn: In which the fibers are spun/twisted together or containing long strand of fibers.

•             b)Complex yarn: A core spun yarn containing a core or long filament. Staple fibers are spun or twisted around the filament or core is called core yarnor complex/ also called spun tex yarn.

            c). Folded or Plied yarn: Two or more single yarn is twisted together. Folded yarn can be also classified into two types. They are:
                        i. Cabled Yarn: Two or more plied yarn is twisted together.
                        ii. Multi-folded yarn: Tow or more cabled yarns are twisted together.


Filament Yarn: Filament yarn is made of one or more continuous strand.

• some filament and folded yarn  sketch 

2.1 filament yarn 

2.2 folded yarn

FIBRE &TEXTILE FIBRES

FIBRE:
A Fibre is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick.That are very small in diameter  in relation to their length.




TEXTILE FIBRE:
THE raw materials which is used to produce  yarn in order to make fabric is called textile fibre.in other words . filament or fine strand of sufficient length,flexibility, and strength to be spun into yarns and woven into cloth is called textile fibre.

classification of textile :

1.classification according to their nature>>>>>>>>a)NATURAL FIBRE b) MANE MADE FIBRE

2.CLASSIFICATION OF botanical>>>a)vegetable fiber  eg:cotton,jute     
     classification zoological>>>>>>b)animal fibre  eg:wool,silk
     classification of chemical>>>>c)mane made fibre  eg:polyester,polyethylene etc  


3)classification  according to their thermo plasticity >>>>>a)thermo plastic  eg:polyester 
                                                                                                b)Non-thermo plastic  eg:cotton 

4) classification according to length >>> a)staple          b)filament

TEXTILE FIBRE PROPERTIES:

A)PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
B)MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
C)CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 






A) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 
1.TENACITY
2.FIBRE MATURITY
3.ELONGATION
4.BURNING BEHAVE
5.PILLING &SWELLING
6.DURABILITY &EXTENSION
     
B)MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1.STRENGTH
2.RIGIDITY
3.ELASTICITY



C) SOLUBILITY IN aqueous & organic salt.




here difference type of fibre image that you can find visually 

                                                         *cotton

jute                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

silk 

bamboo 

                                                                                                                                                 





banana

INTRODUCTION OF TEXTILE

TEXTILE:THE word textile originates from the latin verb texere-to weave-but, as the textile institute terms and explanation,it is a general term applied to any manufacture from fibres, filaments or yarns characteristics by flexibility from fibres,filaments and high ratio of length to thickness.           another type of textile:
A textile  is a flexible material consisting of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands.Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting.

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